TRANSFORM2

A Near Fault Observatory (NFO) is a natural laboratory where active and complex geophysical processes occur in or near densely populated urban areas. NFOs delimit relatively small areas and offer researchers from different disciplines (e.g. geophysics, geodesy and geochemistry) the opportunity to access and (re)use an enormous wealth of data and derive scientific products. This enables a better understanding of the complex physical/chemical processes responsible for the generation of earthquakes. This can only be achieved through the collection of continuous, long-term, high-resolution, multidisciplinary data and the application of consistent, reliable, state-of-the-art data processing.

Six NFOs in Europe have been identified by the European Plate Observing System (EPOS) as long-term research infrastructures; three other NFOs have observer status. NFOs aim to better understand the mechanics of earthquakes to unravel the anatomy of complex seismogenic faults.

The TRANSFORM2 project has the ambitious goal of improving and transforming existing NFOs by integrating state-of-the-art methodological and technological solutions and paving the way for the next generation of NFOs across Europe.

This will be achieved by:

1. Conducting trials, horizon scanning and feasibility studies, performing gap analysis and assessing user needs to gain knowledge of available state-of-the-art sensor equipment and evaluate its suitability and applicability for use in NFOs.
2. Accelerate the development and testing of sensors wherever possible.
3. Create, develop and apply workflows that will revolutionize the ability of NFOs to detect and characterize seismicity and ongoing seismic sequences in real time, leveraging machine learning and existing and next generation instrumentation.
4. Introduce new paradigms in Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) optimized for the dense NFO networks. Evaluate the suitability of the developed workflow for EEW applications targeting decision makers and thus society.
5. Reshape the interaction with stakeholders and decision makers based on a deeper understanding of their needs and requirements and ultimately the benefits they can derive from the RIs.
6. Assess the ability and open new avenues for existing NFOs to act as powerful test beds for the development, calibration and testing of new measurement devices and systems.
7. Identify possible funding mechanisms and sources and make recommendations to the National Managing Authorities and the European Commission on potential calls for the long-term sustainability of RIs.